In recent years, China is in an important stage of economic structural transformation and upgrading as well as connotative development of vocational education. Strengthening education quality monitoring and optimizing the internal supervision mechanism serves as crucial support to guarantee the talent cultivation quality of vocational education, and the soundness of such a mechanism directly affects the matching degree between the supply of technical and skilled talents and industrial demands. At present, prominent deficiencies still exist in China’s vocational education quality monitoring and internal supervision, including a rigid quality monitoring indicator system, an unbalanced composition of internal supervision teams, non-standardized supervision operation procedures, and the absence of school-enterprise collaborative supervision, which implicitly hinder the continuous improvement of vocational education quality. Based on the type-based characteristics of vocational education, this paper briefly elaborates on the prevailing problems in the existing quality monitoring and internal supervision mechanisms of vocational education, and further puts forward corresponding solutions. It aims to build an internal supervision and quality monitoring system featuring full staff participation, whole-process coverage, and all-round monitoring to underpin the high-quality development of vocational education and contribute to cultivating more high-quality technical and skilled talents to satisfy the demands of the real economy.