With the deepening of curriculum reforms in basic education, interdisciplinary teaching has gradually become an important means to enhance students’ core competencies, and teachers’ interdisciplinary teaching competence (ITC) has become a core element of the curriculum reform. Pre-service primary school teachers, as the future backbone of education, play a crucial role in the development of ITC. Knowledge anchors, as a framework that integrates subject knowledge and local cultural resources, provide a new perspective and approach to teacher competence development by linking real-world problems with disciplinary knowledge. Based on theories of ITC and knowledge integration, this paper proposes a pathway for developing pre-service primary school teachers’ ITC from the perspectives of cognitive restructuring, curriculum design, instructional practice, and assessment mechanisms. The pathway is explored with the integration of Shaanxi’s local cultural resources, with research findings indicating that this approach not only effectively promotes the enhancement of pre-service teachers’ ITC but also provides feasible theoretical and practical support for educational reform.