Borderland Chinese language education targeting Central Asia serves as a vital vehicle for linguistic connectivity, cross-border people-to-people exchanges, and economic and trade cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the five Central Asian countries. Cross-border language policies constitute the institutional foundation for China and border regions adjacent to Central Asia to conduct language governance and coordinate bilateral linguistic relations. Taking Kashgar Prefecture and Kashgar University as case studies and considering the distinct national conditions of each Central Asian state, this paper investigates the practical significance and current practices of the coordinated development of the two undertakings. It analyzes prevailing problems at the present stage and puts forward targeted countermeasures based on the development realities of the China–Central Asia cross-border region. The research aims to lay a solid foundation and inject new momentum into the high-quality development of borderland language education for Central Asia and the modernization of cross-border language governance, and proposes corresponding development approaches.