This paper deeply explores the prospects and significance of China’s scientific and technological innovation from the perspective of new-quality productivity. By analyzing the connotation, characteristics, and formation factors of new-quality productivity, this paper expounds its close connection with scientific and technological innovation. Combined with the current situation of China’s scientific and technological innovation, the study analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by China under the development trend of new-quality productivity and looks forward to the future prospects. At the same time, it elaborates on the important significance of scientific and technological innovation for China in terms of economic development, industrial upgrading, and enhancement of international competitiveness, aiming to provide theoretical support and decision-making references for better promoting scientific and technological innovation in the era of new-quality productivity.