Using data from the 2015–2017 China Enterprise Database, China Customs Trade Barriers Data, and a Difference-in-Differences dataset, this study examines the impact of digital transformation on the export resilience of enterprises. Employing both Difference-in-Differences and fixed-effects panel methods, the analysis investigates how digitalization influences firms’ ability to maintain and expand exports under varying market conditions. The results indicate that digital transformation significantly enhances export resilience, with particularly strong effects for state-owned enterprises, strategic emerging industries, and firms facing high competitive pressure. The study further explores the mechanisms through which digital transformation affects resilience, emphasizing the role of digital governance, regional science and technology cooperation, private-sector adoption, and the development of data asset markets. These findings provide evidence that digital transformation is a key driver of enterprise export performance and broader economic development.