With the advancement of the new medical reform, public hospitals face numerous challenges and opportunities, making the optimization of human resource allocation a critical priority. This paper analyzes the requirements imposed by the new medical reform on human resource allocation in public hospitals, examines existing issues such as an unbalanced personnel structure, unscientific job design, and an inadequate talent mobility mechanism, and proposes corresponding optimization strategies. These strategies include improving the recruitment and selection process, scientifically planning job structures, and establishing a flexible talent mobility mechanism. The goal is to enhance the quality of medical services, improve hospital operational efficiency, and promote the sustainable development of public hospitals.