Against the backdrop of new quality productivity driving high-quality economic development, this paper examines how technological innovation, digital transformation, and green development reshape the competencies and training models of highly skilled talent. It analyzes multidimensional characteristics, including knowledge structure, innovation awareness, digital literacy, and cross-boundary collaboration, revealing a shift towards “innovative, composite, and intelligent” profiles. The study identifies misalignments in current vocational education, such as outdated curricula and insufficient industry-education integration. It proposes innovative training paths, including deep industry-education collaboration, digital-intelligent teaching, and lifelong learning ecosystems. Case studies validate the feasibility of aligning talent development with new quality productivity demands.