This paper primarily explores the effectiveness and practical significance of scenario-based simulation teaching in cultivating medical students’ doctor-patient communication skills. Through comparative analysis of questionnaire data on medical students’ doctor-patient communication skills before and after training, the study finds that scenario-based simulation teaching significantly enhances medical students’ communication skills, empathy, and problem-solving abilities. The study systematically evaluates the communication skills of 40 medical students before and after scenario-based simulation teaching. The results indicate that after training, medical students demonstrate notable improvements in communication initiative, accuracy of information transmission, and ability to stabilize patient emotions. This study demonstrates that scenario-based simulation teaching is both effective and practical in cultivating medical students’ doctor-patient communication skills, providing strong support for medical education reform.