The deep integration of digitalization and intelligence presents unprecedented challenges to traditional teaching models. To address common issues such as fragmented knowledge systems, weak practical links, insufficient personalized cultivation, and single evaluation mode, this study constructs a systematic reform framework of “concept–technology empowerment–mechanism innovation” based on the concept of digital-intelligence integration and vocational-undergraduate collaborative education. It proposes a four-dimensional implementation path: “driven by dynamic knowledge graphs, by project-flow simulation, supported by AI–human collaborative teaching, and guaranteed by an integrated practical teaching system.” The research specifically focuses on the construction of a higher vocational-undergraduate integrated practical teaching system, forming a progressive practical teaching closed loop of “basic skill training–comprehensive ability cultivation–innovative ability stimulation” through the construction of a cross-stage, cross-disciplinary, virtual-real combined practical platform. The results show that this system can effectively promote the transformation of theoretical knowledge into practical ability and enhance students’ comprehensive literacy and innovative spirit, providing a replicable systematic solution for higher education teaching reform under higher vocational-undergraduate cooperation.