With the “Dual Carbon” objectives being vigorously advanced, the comprehensive transition from dual control of energy consumption to dual control of carbon emissions has become an inevitable trend in China’s green and low-carbon development. As a major traditional industrial province dominated by energy-intensive sectors such as steel and chemicals, Hebei faces a particularly urgent need for transformation and upgrading. Drawing on theories of sustainable development, the green economy and tiered environmental regulation, this paper systematically elucidates the theoretical rationale and practical feasibility of Hebei’s transition from energy consumption dual control to carbon emissions dual control. It analyses the constraints facing this transition from three dimensions—institutional, market and enterprise—including poor connection between old and new policies, the inadequacy of incentive mechanisms in the carbon market and green finance, and the prominent bottlenecks in low-carbon technologies and the pressure of transition costs faced by enterprises. On this basis, the paper proposes a “three-in-one” coordinated transition pathway comprising institutional provision, market incentives and corporate behavior. This research provides decision-making guidance for Hebei Province to refine its dual-control system for carbon emissions and to advance carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in a proactive yet prudent manner; it also offers valuable lessons for other heavy industrial provinces seeking to transition to dual-control of carbon emissions.