Nanotechnology, leveraging the unique effects at the nanoscale, can optimize the structure and properties of non-metallic materials at the microscopic level, serving as the core support for their development towards high performance and multi-functionality. This article elaborates on the scientific basis and core modification mechanisms of nanotechnology in enhancing high-performance non-metallic materials, analyzes core innovation directions such as nano-reinforced composites and nano-coatings, introduces their engineering applications in key fields such as aerospace and new energy, points out the four major bottlenecks in industrialization, namely, large-scale preparation, cost, interface compatibility, and environmental safety, and proposes targeted solutions and optimization suggestions to provide beneficial references for relevant researchers.