The widespread adoption of social media has fundamentally transformed information dissemination, with cyberspace emerging as a pivotal platform for public opinion expression and interactive communication. Concurrently, cyberbullying has proliferated, posing multifaceted threats to individuals’ physical and mental well-being, digital ecosystems, and social order. This study examines the social media environment through the lens of social psychology and communication theories, systematically analyzing the individual, group, and societal psychological drivers behind cyberbullying. The study delineates its distinctive characteristics in terms of communicators, transmission pathways, and content patterns, ultimately proposing targeted guidance and regulatory measures.