As a typical climacteric fruit, the rapid postharvest decay and deterioration of bananas pose a significant challenge to the global fruit and vegetable industry. Traditional postharvest preservation technologies face bottlenecks such as poor timeliness, pesticide residues, and high costs, prompting research focus to shift towards more forward-looking “on-tree preservation” technologies. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in preservation technologies for bananas on the tree, delving into the mechanisms of core technologies such as 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) slow-release technology, functional bagging, plant growth regulators, and nutritional regulation from a molecular physiology perspective. Innovatively, a multi-level synergistic preservation theory is proposed, and a technological system framework is constructed. This paper comprehensively explores, for the first time, the cutting-edge topic of the potential impact of preservation treatments on the flavor metabolomics of bananas, thoroughly analyzing technological bottlenecks, risk-benefit considerations, and future directions. Finally, from the perspective of integrating green chemistry, smart materials, and intelligent agriculture, the paper anticipates trends towards precision, intelligence, and systematization in this field, aiming to provide a novel theoretical framework and technological pathway for breaking through the loss bottleneck in the banana industry.