Against the backdrop of Chinese new-type urbanization, resettled communities—characterized as “neither fully urban nor rural but embodying characteristics of both”—confront prominent governance challenges. Taking the X resettled community, the largest of its kind in the Yellow River Floodplain of Shandong Province, as a case study, this research adopts in-depth interviews, on-site observations, and policy text analysis to explore the community’s spatial disorder dilemmas and adaptive governance paths. It identifies three core disorders: physical spatial disorder, social spatial disorder, and mental spatial disorder. Corresponding adaptive governance strategies are proposed, including a multi-level governance system, a continuous learning mechanism, and a multi-stakeholder collaboration network. The X resettled community has initially achieved a transition from spatial disorder to systematic reconstruction, which offers practical references for the governance and transformation of similar resettled communities nationwide.