Adolescence is a crucial stage for the development of values and health behaviors, during which individuals are susceptible to external environmental influences that can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being, with far-reaching implications for their future development. Socioeconomic status (SES) serves as a macro-level factor influencing adolescent health behaviors, directly linked to habits such as healthy eating, physical exercise, and risky behaviors like alcohol consumption and smoking. Consequently, socioeconomic status has increasingly become one of the primary indicators for assessing adolescent health behaviors. This article delves into the impact and mechanisms of socioeconomic status on adolescent health behaviors, summarizing the corresponding mechanisms of action based on an understanding of specific impact manifestations, with the aim of providing a basis for formulating intervention policies targeting adolescent health behaviors.