The ethnic Chinese in Vietnam and Thailand share certain similarities and comparable migration histories. However, differences have emerged due to distinct national policies and the varying processes of cultural adaptation and coexistence in each country. The Chinese community in Southeast Asia presents a complex and diverse case, not only because they exist as an ethnic group today but also because they historically held the status of foreign nationals in many countries. Chinese names and surnames are not merely personal identifiers; they are also deeply tied to ethnic identity through the lens of nationality. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of comparative research and identity studies, this article examines the similarities in typologies and the differences in naming practices among ethnic Chinese in Vietnam and Thailand, using documented sources. It explores the causes of these similarities and differences, offering insights into community structures and collective thought. The study concludes with lessons for national governance, culturally appropriate engagement, and fostering mainstream identities within these communities.