Safety issue is the main focus of industries and the society. Exploring the influence mechanism of safety climate on safety behavior is conducive to improving the safety performance of industries. Existing studies have confirmed that safety climate has a significant positive effect on employees’ safety behaviors. This paper uses literature analysis to summarize the implication and extension of the concepts of safety climate and safety behavior, sorts out the dimensions of safety climate, and summarizes the influencing mechanism of safety climate on safety behavior. On this basis, combined with the research progress at home and abroad, this paper proposes and forecasts the future research trend of safety climate and safety behavior. This study clarifies the research status of the influence of safety climate on safety behavior and provides a foundation for the follow-up research in this field.