Promoting the high-quality development of the real economy is an essential requirement for China to build a modern economic system. As the core of modern economy, the effectiveness of finance in supporting the high-quality development of the real economy is crucial. However, under the current complex economic situation, financial resources face multiple difficulties in flowing to the real economy, especially in supporting its intensive growth, such as unbalanced supply structure, capital tendency to “shift from the real to the virtual”, insufficient service innovation capacity, and internal challenges of real enterprises. This paper aims to deeply analyze the underlying reasons behind these difficulties, and on this basis, propose systematic solutions from the dimensions of optimizing the financial structure, guiding capital flow, strengthening financial innovation, and enhancing enterprises’ endogenous motivation. It provides theoretical reference and practical paths for strengthening the supporting role of finance in the high-quality development of the real economy.