Employees’ green behavior, as a key factor in corporate environmental management, directly affects carbon emissions and the efficiency of resource utilization in corporations. This study constructs a three-dimensional framework of “institutional-culture-individual” to explore how employees’ green behavior promotes carbon reduction in enterprises. This study shows that employees’ green behavior significantly reduces corporate carbon emissions by conserving resources, preventing pollution, and advocating for environmental protection, thereby contributing to achieving the dual carbon goals. However, this effect is constrained by incentive mechanisms, cultural shaping, and technological empowerment. This study provides practical paths for enterprises to achieve dual carbon goals.