In the dual context of VUCA era and digital transformation, enterprise resilience, as the core ability of organizations to resist shocks, adapt to changes, and achieve sustainable development, has increasingly highlighted its theoretical connotation and practical value. This article systematically explores the interdisciplinary theoretical origins, multidimensional dynamic measurement methods, and complex influencing factors of enterprise resilience. Research has shown that: (1) the concept of resilience originates from ecology, engineering, and physics, and extends to the field of complex adaptive systems, forming a micro capability integration framework of “pre-crisis prevention crisis response crisis recovery”, as well as macro strategic attributes that support high-quality development of the national economy; (2) Resilience measurement needs to integrate subjective and objective dynamic indicators: at the subjective level, Likert scale is used to evaluate organizational capability traits, and at the objective level, financial performance fluctuations, market performance, and crisis learning behavior are combined; (3) Resilience is driven by the synergy of multiple levels of factors: internal dependence on organizational capability foundation, digital empowerment, external resource linkage, policy environment, and sustainable governance. Its interaction mechanism accelerates capability updates through digital iteration, policy activates resource networks, and ultimately constructs an organizational resilience system of “survival adaptation evolution”. This article provides a unified analytical framework for the study of enterprise resilience, and provides theoretical guidance and practical paths for organizations in the digital age to cultivate risk resistance capabilities and achieve resilience evolution.