ARTICLE
26 June 2026

Ordered Resonance: Cultural Meanings of Bell and Stone-Chime Music in the Pre-Qin Ritual and Music System

Kaiwen Tan1
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1 Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou 571126, Hainan, China
LNE 2026 , 4(6), 138–144; https://doi.org/10.26689/LNE.v4i6.15556
© 2026 by the Author. Licensee: Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty Ltd, Australia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

Bell and stone-chime music was a type of ritual activity in ancient China. Its origin was not only sound but also the connection between instruments, space, body language, technical knowledge, and memory. The four aspects of the subject are: ritual institution, acoustic and ethical order, material technology, and ancestral memory. It proposes the idea of “ordered resonance” to explain how noticeable tonal relations and predetermined arrangements came to have meaning through performance and memory. Suspended ensembles made the rituals visible, coordinated tones created a sense of order and emotion for the people, craftsmanship combined acoustic accuracy with self-discipline, and funeral scenes connected personal identity with the continuity of ancestors. Bell-and-stone chimes should not be regarded as mere ornaments for pleasure or as standalone works of art. Its cultural power came from the interaction of stable forms and new sounds, the division and combination of different elements, and present performance with inherited memory.

Keywords
Bell and stone-chime music
Pre-Qin ritual
Ordered resonance
Materiality
Ancestral memory
References

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[3] Hart J, 1970, The Discussion of the Wu-Yi Bells in the Kuo-Yü.

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[5] Cook SA, 2020, Technology in a New Key: Toward a Reexamination of Musical Theory and Practice in the Zeng Hou Yi Bells. T’oung Pao, 106: 219–265.

[6] Tong KW, 1983, Shang Musical Instruments: Part One. Asian Music, 14: 102.

[7] Tse C, 2026, ‘The Bells Are Harmonious and Resonant’: Numinous Ancestors, Resonant Bells and the Personhood of Lord Qiu of Zeng in Tomb M190 at Zaoshulin, Hubei. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1–19.

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