In the energy industry landscape, thermal power generation stands as a critical energy supply method, and the safety of its construction and operation is paramount. Currently, all stages of the life cycle of construction projects have garnered widespread attention. Among these, the infrastructure construction and operation phases of thermal power generation enterprises pose numerous issues worthy of in-depth study in terms of safety production management. This article starts by examining safety production management during these two phases, analyzing characteristics such as management models, legal bases, and responsible entities. It explores the reasons behind these characteristics and elaborates on key management priorities, providing a comprehensive and insightful reference for safety production management in thermal power generation enterprises.