With the rapid ageing of the population, the training of geriatric nursing staff has gradually been added to the list of problems in medical education. Higher vocational nursing education bears the main responsibility of cultivating geriatric nursing talents for the grassroots level, and the professional literacy of these students directly affects the quality of care and the sense of life among older adults. However, at present, the training for geriatric-nursing-related professional literacy among higher vocational nursing students generally lacks clear goals, fragmented systems, and insufficient practical experience; therefore, a systematic path needs to be designed. Based on the definition of the connotation of geriatric nursing professional literacy, this paper uses competency theory and situated learning theory to systematically analyze the structural dimensions and practical dilemmas in the professional literacy of higher vocational nursing students. It will also construct training paths from three aspects: curriculum system, practical teaching and humanistic literacy, and put forward a triple guarantee mechanism for faculty development, collaborative education and quality evaluation. The goal of this study is to offer an applicable practical model for geriatric nursing talent cultivation in higher vocational colleges and thus improve the quality and efficiency of elderly care services.