The peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) for children is widely used in clinical treatment due to its advantages, such as long-term indwelling and convenient operation. However, the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is significantly higher than that in adults, which seriously threatens the lives of children and increases the medical burden. This paper systematically reviews the risk factors and prevention and control strategies of PICC-CRBSI in children. Studies have shown that the high incidence of CRBSI in children is closely related to the following factors: the children’s own factors, operation and management factors, and pathogen diversity. Aiming at the above risks, the article puts forward a bundled prevention and control strategy, including professional training of personnel, strengthening aseptic technology, standardizing catheter maintenance, and establishing an infection monitoring and early warning mechanism. Through the synergistic effect of multi-dimensional intervention measures, the incidence of CRBSI can be effectively reduced, providing an evidence-based basis for the safe management of vascular access in children. This paper aims to provide a systematic prevention and control framework for clinical practice and calls for further research to optimize strategies and reduce CRBSI-related complications in children.