The introduction of the core literacy concept has pointed out a new direction for the development of junior high school education, driving its transformation from knowledge transmission to ability cultivation and value shaping. Currently, there are still many phenomena in junior high school curriculum teaching that do not align with the requirements of core literacy, thereby affecting the comprehensive improvement of educational quality. This paper begins with the significance of optimizing junior high school curriculum teaching guided by core literacy, systematically analyzes the practical deviations in current teaching practices, and proposes specific optimization pathways from three aspects: reconstructing teaching objectives, innovating teaching models, and reforming teaching evaluations. It aims to provide theoretical references and practical guidance for the reform of junior high school education and teaching, promoting the fulfillment of the fundamental task of fostering virtue through education at the junior high school stage.