Against the backdrop of international basic education curricula increasingly emphasising students’ holistic development, physical education has gradually shifted from the mere transmission of motor skills towards the comprehensive cultivation of physical literacy. Curriculum alignment, as a crucial approach to coordinating curriculum objectives, instructional content, organisational implementation, and learning assessment, is of significant importance for enhancing the quality of K-12 physical education curriculum construction. Drawing on international physical education curriculum standards and the concept of physical literacy, this paper analyses the internal relationships among vertical articulation, horizontal integration, and goal coherence in primary and secondary physical education. It proposes construction ideas centred on the planning of distinctive physical education curricula, instructional organisation, resource coordination, and operational management, and explores implementation pathways to promote students’ physical literacy development from the perspectives of multidimensional assessment, process documentation, sustained participation, and curriculum improvement, with the aim of providing reference for international K-12 physical education curriculum construction and school physical education management.