Objective: To investigate the effect of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair on shoulder joint function recovery in patients with rotator cuff injuries. Methods: From June 2023 to June 2025, 80 patients with rotator cuff injuries who underwent surgery at our hospital were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the surgical procedure. The control group (arthroscopic single-row anchor fixation, n = 40) was compared with the observation group (arthroscopic double-row suture bridge technique, n = 40) in terms of perioperative indicators, shoulder joint function [UCLA Shoulder Function Scale; American Society for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (ASES)], and postoperative pain intensity [Visual Analog Scale (VAS)]. Results: The observation group had longer operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, and shorter hospital stay, all with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The observation group had relatively higher UCLA and ASES scores at 1 and 3 months postoperatively (p < 0.05), and lower VAS scores at 1 and 3 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Arthroscopic double-row suture bridge technique for treating rotator cuff injuries takes longer, results in less bleeding, leads to faster postoperative recovery, and causes significantly less pain compared to arthroscopic single-row anchor fixation, with more ideal functional recovery.