Education Reform and Development https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd <p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Educational Reform and Development (ERD)&nbsp;</em>is a peer-reviewed, open-access international professional academic journal. It aims to reflect the latest achievements of educational reform and development, explore the laws of education, and serve to deepen educational reform and prosper education science. The main readers of this journal are principals, teachers, education administrators, education researchers, and enthusiastic comrades of large, middle and primary schools.&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">The journal accepts high quality articles that are solving educational research problems by using a review approach. This may include thematic or methodological reviews, or meta-analyses. The journal does not limit its scope to any age range. The journal invites articles on the broad range of settings in which people learn and are educated (school settings, corporate training, formal or informal settings, etc.).</p> Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing en-US Education Reform and Development 2652-5364 Constructing and Implementing a “Three- Tiered Progression” Practical Teaching Model for Animation-Related Majors: A Case Study of Shenzhen Polytechnic University https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12079 <p>Amid the rapid expansion of the digital creative industry and continuous advances in technologies such as artificial intelligence, the animation sector increasingly requires practice-oriented, technology-integrated, and cross-disciplinary talent. However, higher vocational programs in animation still face persistent challenges. On the one hand, curricular frameworks are often “broad but shallow,” weakening teachers’ and students’ capacity to translate knowledge into industry practice. On the other hand, traditional course content has been slow to incorporate emerging technologies such as AI-generated content (AIGC), limiting the production of high-level innovative outcomes. This paper analyzes these challenges in current animation education and proposes reform directions.</p> Kan Yuan Chen Chen Ken Wang Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-10-29 2025-10-29 7 10 139 146 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12079 Exploration and Practice of Online and Offline Blended Teaching Mode of Circuit Foundation https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/11737 <p>As a basic course in electrical specialty, Circuit Foundation has strong theoretical and professional characteristics. It is difficult for students to learn. Traditional teaching methods are mostly centered on textbooks and theoretical teaching, which is not conducive to the understanding and flexible use of knowledge points. It cannot promote the cultivation of students’ innovative ability. The online and offline teaching modes have changed the traditional classroom teaching mode, which can fully mobilize students’ learning enthusiasm and creativity. Enhance students’ interest in learning. In this paper, taking the course of “Circuit Foundation” as an example, the online and offline hybrid teaching mode is constructed, and the teaching design is carried out. The practice results show that the blended teaching method has achieved good results and is superior to the traditional teaching method. It is more conducive to students’ understanding and mastery of knowledge. The results can provide a reference for further teaching reform of the course “Basic Foundation”.</p> Han Wu Wei Yang Guangming Li Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-10-29 2025-10-29 7 10 186 192 10.26689/erd.v7i10.11737 Research on the Physical Health Status and Promotion Strategies of Middle School Students in A City in Shandong Province https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12514 <p>This article uses research methods such as literature review, questionnaire survey, interview, and mathematical statistics to investigate and analyze the physical health status of junior high school students in a city area of Shandong Province. The research results indicate that factors affecting the physical health of middle school students include irregular lifestyle habits, insufficient rest and exercise time, high academic pressure, a family environment not valuing physical exercise, and inadequate school sports equipment and facilities. In response to these influencing factors, strategies are proposed to develop personalized physical education teaching to cultivate students’ interest in sports, adopt a reasonable layered teaching model, strengthen and improve the construction of school sports equipment and facilities, promote the improvement of students’ physical health through the linkage between schools and families, and create a strong campus sports and exercise atmosphere through multiple measures, aiming to improve the physical health level and promote the physical health development of middle school students.</p> Keqiang Su Sumei Hu Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-10-30 2025-10-30 7 10 128 138 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12514 Research on the Innovation of Ideological and Political Teaching Model in College Physical Education Driven by the OBE Concept https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12559 <p>With the continuous development and progress of society, college physical education courses are no longer merely platforms for physical exercise and skill instruction. In the new era, they have been entrusted with more educational missions, one of which is ideological and political education. The Party Central Committee has always attached great importance to the construction of ideological and political courses in schools as a key part of educational work. On the new journey of the new era, the construction of ideological and political courses faces new situations and tasks, and thus must show new vitality and achievements. However, in the field of physical education, how to effectively implement the concept of ideological and political courses has become a tough issue for physical education educators. Based on this, this paper focuses on the construction of ideological and political elements in college physical education under the OBE concept, aiming to promote the smooth development of college physical education reform.</p> Minna Gong Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 1 8 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12559 The Current Situation and Promotion Strategies of the Application of Digital Teaching Platforms in Higher Vocational Colleges https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12560 <p>With the in-depth advancement of educational reform, classroom teaching in higher vocational colleges should be further optimized. Teachers are expected to proactively adopt new educational philosophies and teaching methods to better stimulate students’ interest, enhance their understanding and application of the knowledge they have learned, and improve the effectiveness of talent cultivation. The application of digital teaching platforms can greatly enrich the content of classroom teaching in higher vocational colleges, expand the channels of talent cultivation, and play a significant role in promoting the all-around development of students. In view of this, this paper analyzes the application of digital teaching platforms in higher vocational colleges and puts forward some strategies, which are for reference only by colleagues in the field.</p> Chunhua Chai Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 9 15 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12560 Analysis on the Current Situation and Improvement Countermeasures of Art Design Education in Colleges and Universities under the Background of AIGC Technology https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12562 <p>Against the backdrop of the digital and intelligent era, the integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AIGC) and higher education is deepening. Particularly in art design education in colleges and universities, the application of AIGC can automatically generate graphic designs, copywriting, and artistic posters, etc. This is conducive to providing students with new ideas for creative design and practice, thereby achieving the goals of improving teaching quality and efficiency. Based on this, this paper, taking AIGC technology as the background, analyzes the impact of AIGC technology on the development of the art design industry, expounds on the current problems and improvement countermeasures of art design education in colleges and universities under the background of AIGC technology. It aims to better promote the digital transformation of art design education reform in colleges and universities, and hopes to provide some references for peers.</p> Yonglin Du Yuya Wang Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 16 21 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12562 Study on Strategies for Improving the Work Efficiency of Academic Administrators in Secondary Colleges of Universities under the Background of Informatization https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12563 <p>In recent years, China’s science and technology have been developing rapidly, and network technology has also been continuously optimized. Against this backdrop, the academic administration work of secondary colleges in universities has ushered in more opportunities, but also challenges. The development of information technology plays an important role in the work of academic administrators in secondary colleges, enabling them to change their thinking modes and strive to innovate academic administration work. Currently, however, academic administrators have not yet fully adapted to the informatization background, and some problems still need to be solved. This paper first analyzes the significance of improving the work efficiency of academic administrators in secondary colleges of universities under the background of informatization, then summarizes the existing problems, and finally puts forward specific strategies for improving their work efficiency under this background, for reference.</p> Li Chen Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 22 28 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12563 Study on the Employment-Oriented Education System and Training Model of Local Undergraduate Universities https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12564 <p>With the proposal of the “Co-creation Initiative” for employment-oriented education, innovating and constructing the employment-oriented education system and training model, as well as promoting high-quality employment and entrepreneurship for college students, have become the main tasks of university employment-oriented education work at this stage. Based on this, this paper deeply explores the significance and strategies of the employment-oriented education system and training model in local undergraduate universities, aiming to improve the quality of students’ employment and serve local economic development.</p> Jian Jia Ping Wang Jun Zuo Yunxia Shang Jihai Guan Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 29 35 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12564 AI + Interdisciplinary Teaching: Curriculum Design and Practical Exploration for Cultivating Innovative Talents in Middle Schools https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12566 <p>Against the backdrop of the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, middle school education is tasked with the important mission of cultivating innovative talents. This paper focuses on the “AI + interdisciplinary teaching” model, exploring its curriculum design and practical paths in cultivating innovative talents in middle schools. In particular, it combines areas such as language and characters, literary appreciation, and writing teaching in middle school Chinese instruction to analyze how AI technology can break down disciplinary barriers and stimulate students’ innovative thinking and comprehensive literacy. The research shows that the integration of AI and interdisciplinary teaching can provide a new paradigm for cultivating innovative talents in middle schools, but it is also necessary to address the challenges in the application of technology and its integration with teaching.</p> Yuhang Fan Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 36 41 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12566 Exploration of Talent Training Model for Higher Education Major in Universities Based on OBE Concept https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12567 <p>Against the backdrop of higher education reform, the traditional education model is clearly no longer suitable for the current talent training needs. The OBE (Outcome-Based Education) concept is an outcome-oriented educational philosophy. Constructing a talent training model for the higher education major based on this concept can optimize the curriculum structure, improve teaching methods, and promote the scientific and professional development of teaching in the higher education major. Based on this, this paper first briefly clarifies the OBE educational concept and its characteristics, sorts out the alignment between this concept and the talent training of the higher education major, and proposes strategies for constructing the talent training model of the higher education major, hoping to provide useful references for relevant educators.</p> Shuo Fang Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 42 48 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12567 Analysis of Application Strategies for College Students’ Mental Health Education from the Perspective of New Media https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12568 <p>With the rapid development of new media technology, its application value in the field of education models can hardly meet the diverse needs of contemporary college students. How to give full play to the advantages of new college students’ mental health education has become increasingly prominent. Facing the new situation and tasks of mental health education in the new media era, traditional mental health media and innovating the content and forms of mental health education have become a major and urgent issue for educators. Based on this, this paper studies the application of college students’ mental health education from the perspective of new media, expounds the positive empowering role of college students’ mental health education in the new media era, and proposes targeted application strategies, aiming to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for optimizing the mental health education model for college students in the new media era.</p> Han Fu Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 49 55 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12568 A Study on Subtitle Translation of The Good Stuff from the Perspective of Skopos Theory https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12570 <p>The film The Good Stuff, directed by female director Shao Yihui, tells the story of two women with vastly different personalities and life circumstances who meet and become friends. Guided by Skopos Theory, this paper studies the subtitle translation strategies of The Good Stuff. The study finds that when translating the subtitles of The Good Stuff, the translator fully considered the deep expressive intentions behind the language and applied adjustments based on cultural differences to achieve vivid and effective linguistic conversion of the lines, thereby promoting the dissemination of the film.</p> Chang Liu Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 62 67 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12570 Exploration and Practice Path of Teaching Model Reform for Education Majors in Undergraduate Universities https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12571 <p>With the continuous advancement of educational reform, the demand for educational talents from the country and society is constantly rising. As a key base for cultivating high-quality education talents, undergraduate universities should keep pace with the times, promote the teaching reform of education majors, optimize talent training models, improve the quality of talent cultivation, and drive the development of China’s education cause. Against this backdrop, this paper explores the teaching model of education majors in undergraduate universities. Starting from the characteristics of current education majors’ students in undergraduate universities, it briefly analyzes the current situation of the teaching model, and then deeply discusses relevant teaching paths. The purpose is to optimize the teaching model of education majors, improve teaching quality, promote the development of students’ professional abilities, cultivate high-quality education talents, and contribute to the development of China’s education cause.</p> Xuefeng Liu Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 68 74 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12571 Study on the Characteristics and Guiding Strategies of College Students’ Online Social Circling https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12572 <p>The development of new media technology has promoted changes in the campus environment, among which college students’ online social activities have shown an increasingly obvious tendency of “circling”. Social circles are characterized by stability and autonomy, making it difficult to accurately convey mainstream values and grasp college students’ ideological trends. In response to these issues, colleges and universities need to attach importance to guiding activities, improve students’ abilities, encourage their participation in interpersonal communication, and effectively break through the predicament of circling. Starting from the perspective of college students’ online social interaction, this paper analyzes the characteristics of circling and proposes specific guiding strategies, aiming to improve the level of college students’ online social interaction and provide a reference for subsequent education activities.</p> Zikun Wang Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 75 80 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12572 Exploration on the Teaching Path of Higher Vocational Mechanical Major under the Integration of Post-Class-Competition-Certificate” https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12573 <p>In recent years, with the country’s high attention to vocational education and the in-depth promotion of the “Post-Class-Competition-Certificate” integration model, the teaching reform of higher vocational mechanical majors has also ushered in new development opportunities. The teaching model integrating “Post-Class-Competition-Certificate” can further improve the talent training model through the methods of “designing courses based on posts, integrating courses with certificates, complementing courses with competitions, and promoting construction through competitions”. It not only shows important value in improving teaching quality, but also effectively enhances students’ professional skills and comprehensive abilities. This not only meets the requirements of modern vocational education development but also makes positive contributions to students’ personal growth and social development. In this regard, this paper explores the teaching path of higher vocational mechanical majors based on the integration of “Post-Class-Competition-Certificate”, in order to provide a reference for improving the quality of mechanical professional talent training.</p> Xiuli Yan Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 81 88 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12573 Study on the Talent Training Model of Pedagogy Major in Colleges and Universities in the New Era https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12574 <p>Against the backdrop of the new era, the innovation of the talent training model for pedagogy majors in colleges and universities has become an important path to respond to the call of the strategy of building a powerful education country. Based on this, the author will, in this paper, focus on the national educational strategic needs and the development laws of the education discipline, put forward corresponding countermeasures for the problems existing in the current talent training of pedagogy majors in colleges and universities, hoping to provide some references and help for readers.</p> Chenyue Zhang Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 95 100 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12574 Exploration on the Teaching of Veterinary Microbiology under the Background of New Agricultural Sciences https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12575 <p>With the development of the construction of New Agricultural Sciences, animal medicine majors have entered a new stage of educational reform. Colleges and universities should adhere to the basic goal of “fostering virtue through education and strengthening agriculture to revitalize agriculture”, conduct an in-depth analysis of the reform needs of the Veterinary Microbiology course in terms of interdisciplinary integration, practical reform, and the integration of ideological and political education into courses. On this basis, they should promote the update of teaching content, the innovation of teaching methods, the reconstruction of the experimental teaching system, and the optimization of the assessment and evaluation mechanism, to create favorable conditions for the cultivation of compound talents in animal medicine majors. Against this research background, this paper expounds the requirements put forward by New Agricultural Sciences for the teaching reform of Veterinary Microbiology, summarizes the reform dilemmas faced by the teaching of Veterinary Microbiology, and proposes the teaching reform strategies of Veterinary Microbiology under the background of New Agricultural Sciences, to provide support for colleges and universities to cultivate outstanding talents with both professional capabilities and feelings for agriculture, rural areas and farmers.</p> Yongbin Shao Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 101 107 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12575 The Current Development Status and Path Selection of China’s Ice and Snow Infrastructure Under the Background of the Beijing Winter Olympics https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12576 <p>With the successful hosting of the Beijing Winter Olympics, ice and snow sports in China have attracted greater attention from the public, and the construction of relevant infrastructure should also be further optimized. We should actively introduce new technologies and infrastructure to promote the further development of China’s ice and snow infrastructure. In view of this, this paper analyzes the development of China’s ice and snow infrastructure in the background of the Beijing Winter Olympics and puts forward some strategies, which are for reference only by colleagues in the field.</p> Jun Luo Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 108 104 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12576 Exploration on the Reform of Practical Teaching in the Course of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine in Colleges and Universities https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12577 <p>As an important part of the traditional Chinese medicine of the Chinese nation, Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) has a development history of thousands of years and has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experience in the prevention and treatment of animal diseases, animal health care, and other aspects. This paper conducts an in-depth discussion on the practical teaching of the TCVM course in colleges and universities, and analyzes the existing problems in current teaching, such as outdated practical content, a single teaching method, and an imperfect assessment and evaluation system. By introducing diversified teaching models such as case teaching, simulated diagnosis and treatment, and school-enterprise cooperation, and optimizing practical teaching content and assessment mechanisms, this paper aims to improve students’ practical operation ability and clinical thinking level, promote the organic integration of traditional TCVM theories and modern veterinary clinical practice, and provide teaching reform ideas and practical references for cultivating high-quality TCVM professionals who meet the needs of the new era.</p> Yan Luo Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 115 121 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12577 Exploration on the Path of Integrating Curriculum Ideology and Politics into College Physical Education Teaching https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12578 <p>With the in-depth implementation of educational reform, college physical education should also keep pace with the times and focus on the integration of curriculum ideology and politics to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of talent cultivation. This enables graduates to engage in related work with high professional quality and dedication. To promote the smooth implementation of reform, it is necessary to cultivate students with both moral integrity and academic ability, so that they can better meet social needs. In this process, it is extremely important to face problems squarely and attach importance to the cultivation of students’ comprehensive quality. College physical education involves complex teaching content with strong professionalism and practicality, which poses great difficulties for students in learning, understanding and mastering. Therefore, in the process of reform, attention should be paid to the training and improvement of students’ comprehensive skills and literacy, and their employability should be continuously enhanced, so as to improve the quality of talent cultivation and education and teaching.</p> Minna Gong Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 154 159 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12578 Research on the Innovation of AI-Based Blended Teaching Model for Public Computer Courses: Taking University Programming Courses as an Example https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12579 <p>Public computer courses in universities are compulsory courses for non-computer majors in many colleges and universities. Guided by the “student-centered” teaching philosophy, this study explores in depth the AI-integrated blended teaching model for public computer courses. Taking university programming courses as the specific research object, it integrates the advantages of AI technology and blended teaching to innovate teaching methods and means, and studies the blended teaching model that combines online learning and offline teaching in the teaching of public computer courses. The ultimate goal is to improve teaching quality and cultivate students’ computational thinking, programming ability, and innovative thinking.</p> Caili Tian Pan Pu Wenliang Wu Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 160 165 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12579 The Promotion of New-Quality Productive Forces Development by Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Colleges and Universities https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12580 <p>As the core driving force of innovation-driven development, new-quality productive forces play a crucial role in advancing the development and progress of the modern economy and society. Their construction and development cannot be achieved without the support of new-type top-notch innovative talents. As the main force in cultivating such talents, colleges and universities should attach importance to the organic integration of innovation and entrepreneurship education with new-quality productive forces, to better facilitate the development of new-quality productive forces. Based on this, this paper briefly analyzes the two-way driving effect between innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities and the development of new-quality productive forces, and expounds the practical paths for colleges and universities’ innovation and entrepreneurship education to promote the development of new-quality productive forces. The purpose is to give full play to the promoting role of innovation and entrepreneurship education in the development of new-quality productive forces, hoping to provide some references for peers.</p> Chenxue Li Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 166 171 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12580 Analysis on the Application Status of Generative AI Tools in College Physical Education Practical Courses under the Background of Educational Digital Transformation https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12581 <p>With the deepening of educational reform, college physical education should be further optimized. Teachers need to actively introduce new educational concepts and teaching methods to better arouse college students’ interest, improve their understanding and application of the knowledge learned, and enhance teaching effectiveness. As a popular educational auxiliary form currently, generative AI tools can greatly enrich the content of college physical education, expand educational paths, and play an important role in promoting the all-round development of college students. In view of this, this paper will analyze the application of generative AI tools in college physical education practical courses under the background of educational digital transformation and put forward some strategies for reference only.</p> Xiaolei Li Mingxing Liang Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 172 178 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12581 Research on Innovation and Practice of Higher Vocational English Teaching Based on the Integration of Industry and Education https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12582 <p>With the acceleration of globalization, China’s industries have begun to undergo transformation and innovation, and cultivating high-quality, high-level compound talents has become the core task of vocational education. As an important part of the higher vocational education system, English plays a vital role in talent cultivation. The widespread application of the “integration of industry and education” teaching model has pointed out the direction for the innovation and reform of higher vocational English teaching. Based on this teaching model, this paper explores the paths of innovation and practice in higher vocational English teaching, which not only improves teaching quality but also is of great significance for cultivating international talents who can adapt to the development of industries and the needs of the new era.</p> Chunhua Lu Yanhong Bao Xia Li Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 179 185 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12582 Study on the Path of Financialization of Agricultural, Rural and Farmer Data Assets under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy https://bbwpublisher.com/index.php/erd/article/view/12583 <p>With the in-depth implementation of China’s rural revitalization strategy, data financialization will become an important means to promote agricultural modernization and rural economic development. At the practical level, the financialization of agricultural, rural and farmer (hereafter referred to as “three rural issues”) data can realize the collection and integration of data in agricultural production, circulation, and consumption links by building agricultural data platforms, thereby forming a closed-loop management system. In trust practice, it is particularly important to explore a management model based on data trust. Through data mining technology, a comprehensive analysis of farmers’ income levels, production costs, market demand, and other factors is conducted to achieve precision in the design of trust products. Carrying out interdisciplinary cooperative research and integrating relevant theories and methods of agricultural economics, data science, and finance can provide systematic solutions for the financialization of three rural issues. The economic attribute of data has been increasingly recognized and emphasized. Data trust provides a new perspective and new ideas for effectively balancing the data rights and interests structure between data subjects and data controllers, safeguarding data security, and promoting and ensuring the healthy development of the data market. This paper will focus on the new model of three rural issues data governance through data trust.</p> Jing Zhao Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) 2025-11-03 2025-11-03 7 10 193 199 10.26689/erd.v7i10.12583